Section+3-2+Hinduism+and+Buddism+Develop

Chapter 3-2: Hinduism and Buddism Develop

**__ Key Words: __** - Upanishads: dialogues between teacher and student exploring how to achieve moksha - Moksa: a state of perfect understanding of all things - Atman: the individual soul of a living being - Brahman: the world soul - Reincarnation: rebirth - Karma: good or bad deeds - Nirvana: release from selfishness and pain

**__Important People:__** - Buddha: Siddhartha Gautama

**__ Key Points: __**

//Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries:// - Collection of religious beliefs developed slowly over long - Can't be traced to one person or one set of beliefs

//Origins and Beliefs:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Share common worldview <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Religion = way of liberating soul of illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of day to day existence <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Between 750 - 550 BC, Hindu teachers try to understand meanings of Vedic hymns <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Comments written down into Upanishads <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- When person understands relationship of atman and Brahman get to moksha (not in one lifetime)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Hinduism Changes and Develops:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Changed many times over past 2,500 years <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Brahman = three gods (Brahma; the creator, Vishnu; the protector, Shiva; the destroyer) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Vishnu also different personalities (Krisna; the divine cowherder, Rama; perfect king) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Over centuries Brahma faded <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Devi (mother godess) grew more important <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Three paths to moksha (the path of right thinking, the path of right action, the path of religious devotion)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Hinduism and Society// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Belief in reincarnation/karma made belief in caste system stronger <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Brahmin, warrior, or merchant = good karma in former life <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Person born as female, laborer, or untouchable = bad karma former life

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//New Religions Arise:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Same time of Hinduism rising two other religious are also born (Buddism and Jainism) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Founder of Jainism = Mahavira (599 BC - 527 BC) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Believed everything in universe has a soul <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Followers don't hurt anything

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//The Buddha Seeks// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Enlightenment// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Founder of Buddhism = Siddhartha Gautama <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Born to rich family

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Siddhartha's Quest:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Age 29 left palace and saw four people in order, (old man, sick man, corpse, holy man) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- All living things experience old age, sickness, death <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Religious life offer protection <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Wandered forest for six years looking for enlightenment <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- First debated, then fasted, finally meditated <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Became Buddha (the enlightened one)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Origins and Beliefs:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Preached first sermon to five companions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Five companions went with him everywhere <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- In first sermon laid out four noble truths <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- First Noble Truth: Life filled with suffering and sorrow <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Second Noble Truth: The cause of all suffering is the people's desire for temporary pleasures in the world <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Third Noble Truth: The way to end all suffering is to end all desires <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Fourth Noble Truth: The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- The Eightfold Path = guide to behavior <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Buddha mastered one step at a time <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- By following Eightfold Path, person reaches nirvana <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Buddhism also believes in reincarnation

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//The Religious Community:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Five disciples = first monks of sangha (Buddhist religious order) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Dharma (Buddhist doctrine and teachings)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Buddhism and Society:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Many early followers = laborers and craftspeople <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Large following in northeast India <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Monks and Nuns took vow to live in poverty, to not marry, and to be nonviolent <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Buddhist lit. (the Jatakas) first written down in first century BC

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Buddhism in India:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Missionaries spread teachings over much of Asia <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Buddhism never got stronghold in India <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Followers go to stupas (sacred mounds containing relics of Buddha)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Trade and the Spread of Buddhism:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Traders played very important role in spread of Buddhism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Carried Buddhism beyond India to Sri Lanka <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Also brought southeast (Burma, Thailand, Sumatra) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Buddhism followed silk routes <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Buddhism = most wide spread religion in East Asia