Section+5-2+Warring+City+States

__**Chapter 2-4: River Dynasties in China**__

**__ Key Words: __** - Polis = City-state - Acropolis = citizen meeting place (to discuss government) - Monarchy = government ruled by royalty (king, queen) - Aristocracy = government ruled by a group of wealthy landowning nobles - Oligarchy = government ruled by small amount of powerful people - Tyrant = Ruler who worked for the interests of the commoner - Democracy = Government ruled by the people - Helots = peasants forced to stay on the land they worked on - Phalanx = Military formation (Foot soldiers with spears) - The Persian War = war between Greece and the Persian Empire

**__Important People:__** - Draco - Xerxes - Darius the Great

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__ Key Points: __**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Rule and Order in Greek City-States:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- 740 BC city-states were main political unit <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- At center was an acropolis were citizens met about government matters

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Greek Political Structure:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Many different forms of government (Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, and Democracy)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Tyrants Seize Power////:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Many city-states had clashes <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Led to tyrants taking over <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Tyrant = not bad (worked for the good of the people)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Athens Builds a Limited Democracy:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Athens had power struggles between rich and poor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Avoided uprising by creating a democracy

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Building Democracy:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Draco took power in 621 BC <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Developed laws saying rich and poor are equal under law <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Laws dealt harshly with criminals (almost any crime = death) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- 594 BC Solon came into power <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Stated no slavery but debt slavery (a debtor works off the debt as a slave) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Organized Athenians into 4 classes <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Top three could have political power <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- All could have a say in government <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Also introduced the idea that citizens could press charges <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- 500 BC Cleithenes introduced more changes to Athenian democracy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Split societies into ten groups <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- All citizens could submit laws

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Athenian Education:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Mostly sons of wealthy families were educated <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- School started around age of 7 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- When they got older they went to military school <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Very few women went to school

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Sparta Builds a Military State:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Sparta = cut off from rest of Greece <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Sparta was not a democracy

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Sparta Dominates Messenians:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- 725 BC Sparta conquers Messenia <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Forced them into slavery <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Demanded half of their crops <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- 650 BC the Messenians revolted <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Spartans just barely survived <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Surprised at their narrow victory <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Dedicated themselves to making Sparta stronger

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Sparta's Government and Society:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Separated into several groups <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- The Council of Elders were the group that made the laws <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Social order had groups <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Citizens, traders, then helots (slaves)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Spartan Daily Life:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- 600 - 371 BC Sparta = most powerful army <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Most powerful army = little art/learning not encouraged <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Men expect to serve until they were 60 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Boys left home at the age of 7 and were trained as soldiers <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Girls also had some military training <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Ran the households when men were gone

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//The Persian Wars:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- The helot revolt made Sparta strong <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Persian war made both Sparta and Athens the best they ever were

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//A New Kind of Army Emerges:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Iron replaced bronze as the metal of weapons and armor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Cheaper and stronger <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- More people could serve in the army

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Battle at Marathon:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Began around 546 BC <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Started from a revolt <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Athens sent men and supplies to the revolters <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Persian king was not happy and vowed to destroy Athens <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Persians fought the Greeks at Marathon <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Greeks won

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Pheidippides Bring News:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- After battle Athens was defenseless <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Pheidippides ran 26 miles to Athens to tell them they had won then died <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Greek army returned quickly after <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Persians arrived at Athens and found it defended <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- They retreated

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Thermopylae and Salais:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- 480 BC Xerxes formed invasion force to destroy Athens <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Greeks badly divided <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Some fought the Persian, some didn't care, and some fought with the Persians <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Thermopylae = narrow mountain pass <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- The Persians fought 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Persians won due to a traitor telling them of a mountain pass <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Spartans sacrificed themselves so that the other Greeks could retreat <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Themistocles convinced other Athenians to evacuate Athens and fight the Persians at sea <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Greeks beat the Persians <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- In 479 BC Greeks destroyed the Persians at Plataea. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Several years later a few Greek city states formed Delian League <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Based off island of Delos

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//Consequences of the Persian War:// //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">After Persian Wars Athens became head of the Delian League and moved HQ to Athens <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Athens entered brief golden age